Undo the last change that you have made on the document. Paste the current object in the clipboard along with its formatting. This shift would support the notion of non-muscular force utilization for improving physiological efficiency of limb movement with respect to the effective use of gravity. Paste the current object in the clipboard. The video game Ultima V comes with a printed Book of Lore that includes a section on the music of its fictional land, Britannia, and includes an example song, Stones. Keystrokes per minute - Find out your keystrokes per minute with this typing test - Easy, online and completely free. We concluded that a balance shift from muscular force dependency to gravity dependency for the generation of a target joint torque occurs with long-term piano training. Source ABC files in src create PDF, MIDI, WAV, and OGG in objects. MIDI: Your browser supports MIDI input, so you can plug in a MIDI. Individual differences in the biomechanical effect of loudness and tempo on upper-limb movements during repetitive piano keystrokes. Press the piano key corresponding to the note on the staff. Therefore, for the novices, agonist muscular force was the predominant contributor to the acceleration of elbow extension during the downswing. The touch used to play the piano, representing aspects of body posture, hand posture, movement, speed. For the novices, on the other hand, a distinct activity in the triceps muscle appeared during the middle of the downswing, and its amount and duration were increased with increasing loudness. This suggested that elbow extension torque was produced by gravity without the contribution of agonist muscular work.
During descending the forearm to strike the keys, the experts kept the activation of the triceps (movement agonist) muscle close to the resting level, and decreased anti-gravity activity of the biceps muscle across all loudness levels. We see in our piano keyboard layout above that the 12 keys are C, C-Sharp (D-Flat), D, D-sharp (E-Flat), E, F, F-Sharp (G-Flat), G, G-Sharp (A-Flat), A, A-Sharp. Muscular torque at the elbow joint was computed while excluding the effects of gravitational and motion-dependent interaction torques. The corresponding activities of the elbow agonist and antagonist muscles were simultaneously recorded using electromyography (EMG). Kinetic analysis of the arm during the downswing motion performed by expert and novice piano players was made using an inverse dynamic technique.
The present study investigated a skill-level-dependent interaction between gravity and muscular force when striking piano keys.
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